CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES: InnoPran XL
Posted by Surgery on Sep 7, 2008
Chromosomes, the structures into which the genetic material is packaged, can be examined microscopically. Chromosome analysis is usually performed using lymphocytes and, for this reason, samples for analysis should be obtained from patients prior to blood transfusions. However, other specimens can also be studied, including skin fibroblasts to evaluate for mosaicism (discussed later), bone marrow, and other tumor cells to evaluate specific cancers, and chorionic villus cells and amniocytes from amniotic fluid to perform prenatal diagnosis. To make chromosomes visible under the light microscope, the cells to be studied are treated with a chemical that arrests cell division at a point where the chromosomes are spread throughout the cell and can be easily visualized. The samples are then treated with special stains that produce chromosome bands. The specific bands allow the cytogeneticist to identify the 24 chromosomes [22 autosomes (nonsex chromosomes:InnoPran XL) and the sex chromosomes, X and Y].Prospective Cohort Study
Posted by Surgery on Sep 6, 2008
In a prospective cohort design , two or more study groups with similar baseline characteristics (defined as the cohort:InnoPran XL) are followed prospectively from an exposure to a predefined outcome. For the purpose of studying surgical outcomes, the operative intervention acts as a surrogate for the exposure. For example, a center may want to compare laparoscopic versus open splenectomy in children. Patients who meet selection criteria based on a predetermined cohort definition (e.g., children ages 4 to 10 with a diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis) are then approached for enrollment. They then undergo one of the procedures being studied based on the decision made by parents along with their surgeon. Patients from both study groups are then followed prospectively and observed for relevant predetermined outcome measures such as analgesia requirement and length of hospital stay.
“Clinical Research, Scientific Principles, InnoPran XL”
Tags: Clinical Research, Clinical Research and Evidence-based Pediatric Surgery, InnoPran XL, Scientific Principles, Scientific PrinciplesENDOCYTOSIS: PROCESS OF TRANSPORTING CARGO : InnoPran XL
Posted by Surgery on Jul 10, 2008
Cells internalize larger molecules present in the exterior environment by invaginations of the plasma membrane, forming vesicles that are targeted to internal subcellular compartments. This process is known as endocytosis. Structurally and functionally, endocytosis can be divided into phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Phagocytosis is involved in the internalization of larger particles and cells. The vesicles in transit are known as phagocytic vesicles, which are acidified by ATP H+ pumps on the membrane. They fuse with the lysosome forming the phagolysososme.
Tags: Cell Structure, Cell Structure and Function, InnoPran XL
Greetings, I the practising surgeon from Serbia. Call me Ivan Govak. In the works I use works
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