Calcium and Phosphate
Posted by Surgery on Sep 9, 2008
Because sodium intake is essential for protein synthesis and tissue development, adequate sodium supplementation is necessary and is guided by serum and urine sodium levels (32:Mevacor). Premature infants may require as high as 8 mEq per kg per day of sodium. Maximum sodium concentration in PN solutions should not exceed normal saline solution equivalent (154 mEq of sodium per L).X-linked Recessive Inheritance
Posted by Surgery on Sep 3, 2008
In the previously discussed autosomal modes of inheritance, males and females are equally likely to be affected and transmission does not depend on the sex of the parent. This is in contrast to X-linked or sex-linked conditions. Genes for X-linked recessive (XLR) conditions are located on the X chromosome. When a gene is abnormal on one X chromosome in females, the normal gene on the other X chromosome can compensate for the abnormal one. However, a male who inherits an abnormal X is hemizygous, because there is no corresponding gene locus on the Y chromosome, and therefore has the condition. The probability that male offspring of female carriers will be affected is 50%, whereas female offspring have a 50% chance of being a carrier, but are not affected. X-linked inheritance is distinguished from AD inheritance by the absence of male-to-male transmission.
Tags: Cell Structure, Principles of Genetics, Principles of Genetics, SURGERY Principles
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
Posted by Surgery on Sep 1, 2008
In autosomal recessive (AR) conditions, both genes at a locus are abnormal, which results in the absence of normal protein product. Abnormal genes are inherited from both parents each of whom has one normal and one abnormal gene (called carriers), but show no clinical evidence of the condition themselves. Many AR conditions are due to the absence of an enzyme; carriers often have one-half the normal amount of enzyme, but this amount is sufficient so they demonstrate no signs or symptoms of the condition. Two carriers of an AR condition have a 25% risk of having an affected child with each pregnancy . It has been estimated that each of us carries 6 to 10 recessive genes. Therefore, these conditions occur more frequently among inbred groups and consanguineous matings, because related individuals are more likely to have inherited the same abnormal recessive gene.GOLGI NETWORK: A SITE FOR PROTEIN PROCESSING AND PACKING
Posted by Surgery on Sep 1, 2008
The Golgi apparatus is usually located near the cell nucleus. It consists of a collection of flattened, embrane-bound cisternae and thus resembles a stack of plates. Each Golgi stack usually consists of four to six cisternae. The number of Golgi stacks per cell varies greatly depending on the cell type; however, most mammalian cells contain one large stack. Each Golgi stack has two distinct faces: a cis-Golgi (or entry face) and a trans-Golgi (or exit face). Both the cis and trans faces of every stack are closely connected to special compartments, which are composed of a network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures. The two major functional components are the cis Golgi network (also called the intermediary or salvage compartment), which is closest to the ER, and the trans Golgi network that is distal to the ER.
Tags: Cell Structure, Cell Structure and Function, SURGERY PrinciplesENDOCYTOSIS: PROCESS OF TRANSPORTING CARGO : InnoPran XL
Posted by Surgery on Jul 10, 2008
Cells internalize larger molecules present in the exterior environment by invaginations of the plasma membrane, forming vesicles that are targeted to internal subcellular compartments. This process is known as endocytosis. Structurally and functionally, endocytosis can be divided into phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Phagocytosis is involved in the internalization of larger particles and cells. The vesicles in transit are known as phagocytic vesicles, which are acidified by ATP H+ pumps on the membrane. They fuse with the lysosome forming the phagolysososme.
Tags: Cell Structure, Cell Structure and Function, InnoPran XL
Greetings, I the practising surgeon from Serbia. Call me Ivan Govak. In the works I use works
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