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GOLGI NETWORK: A SITE FOR PROTEIN PROCESSING AND PACKING

Posted by Surgery on Sep 1, 2008

The Golgi apparatus is usually located near the cell nucleus. It consists of a collection of flattened, embrane-bound cisternae and thus resembles a stack of plates. Each Golgi stack usually consists of four to six cisternae. The number of Golgi stacks per cell varies greatly depending on the cell type; however, most mammalian cells contain one large stack. Each Golgi stack has two distinct faces: a cis-Golgi (or entry face) and a trans-Golgi (or exit face). Both the cis and trans faces of every stack are closely connected to special compartments, which are composed of a network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures. The two major functional components are the cis Golgi network (also called the intermediary or salvage compartment), which is closest to the ER, and the trans Golgi network that is distal to the ER.

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Cell Structure and Function | No Comments

MITOCHONDRIA: Rythmol SR

Posted by Surgery on Jul 20, 2008

: SITE OF ENERGY TRANSDUCTION

The majority of cellular processes require the transduction of a large amount of energy. Hydrolysis of ATP is the most common reaction coupled to processes that require energy for completion. The mitochondrion is the major source of ATP synthesis for the cell. ATP is generated from ADP as the result of the oxygen consumption. This process is known as oxidative phosphorylation. In fact, the use about 80% of the oxygen taken up by the cells. are composed of two membranes, the outer membrane and the inner membrane, which are separated by the intermembrane space.

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Cell Structure and Function, Scientific Principles | No Comments

Medical Ethics : Trandate

Posted by Surgery on Jul 11, 2008
Advances in pediatric since the mid-1960s have presented pediatric surgeons, neonatologists, and pediatricians with difficult moral problems. Particularly troubling are those clinical situations that involve decisions about the denial or withdrawal of life-saving or life-sustaining treatment for newborns, infants, and children. These decision-making situations have been further complicated by questions concerning the appropriate use of limited health care resources.
In this chapter, a number of moral issues that frequently confront pediatric surgeons are briefly summarized. Each case report is followed by a commentary that focuses on one or more of the central issues raised in the case. However, first, a few introductory remarks on medical ethics in general, and ethical decision making in particular, are appropriate.
WHAT IS ETHICS?
Ethics is a branch of philosophy concerned with questions of right and wrong. It outlines the principles, standards, and rules of conduct that should govern our behavior and guide us in resolving our everyday moral problems.

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Cell Structure and Function, Medical Ethics and the Pediatric Surgeon, NEWS SURGERY | No Comments

LYSOSOMES AND PROTEOSOMES: Norpace CR

Posted by Surgery on Jul 10, 2008
The dynamic stage of a cell is the product of continuous changes in the environment, which requires an active mechanism to dispose of molecules that are no longer necessary for the new physiological condition. The process of macromolecule degradation needs to be carefully regulated; otherwise, it results in the collapse of the cell by autodigestion. Two major mechanisms are used by the cell to degrade molecules: . Lysosomes are membrane-surrounded organelles containing a large number of lytic enzymes. Proteosomes are exclusively involved in the degradation of cytosolic proteins, in particular those involved in cell signaling. Lysosomes mediate the breakdown of membrane proteins and membranes. Ligands that are bound to surface receptors and internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis are also degraded in this organelle.

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ENDOCYTOSIS: PROCESS OF TRANSPORTING CARGO : InnoPran XL

Posted by Surgery on Jul 10, 2008

Cells internalize larger molecules present in the exterior environment by invaginations of the plasma membrane, forming vesicles that are targeted to internal subcellular compartments. This process is known as endocytosis. Structurally and functionally, endocytosis can be divided into phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Phagocytosis is involved in the internalization of larger particles and cells. The vesicles in transit are known as phagocytic vesicles, which are acidified by ATP H+ pumps on the membrane. They fuse with the lysosome forming the phagolysososme.

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