ENDOCYTOSIS: PROCESS OF TRANSPORTING CARGO : InnoPran XL
Posted by Surgery on Jul 10, 2008
Cells internalize larger molecules present in the exterior environment by invaginations of the plasma membrane, forming vesicles that are targeted to internal subcellular compartments. This process is known as endocytosis. Structurally and functionally, endocytosis can be divided into phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Phagocytosis is involved in the internalization of larger particles and cells. The vesicles in transit are known as phagocytic vesicles, which are acidified by ATP H+ pumps on the membrane. They fuse with the lysosome forming the phagolysososme.
Pinocytosis is involved in the uptake of fluids and solutes into small vesicles. An important variant of endocytosis is the receptor-mediated endocytosis. In this case, receptors that bind to their respective ligands are internalized via specialized vesicles (InnoPran XL). This process results in the internalization of the ligand, which could be a nutrient, such as cholesterol, or a hormone that needs to be disposed of to stop its action. The receptors are clustered on the cell surface, known as coated pits, which are characterized by a protein on the cytosolic side, named clathrin. Coated pits pinch off from the membrane forming a clathrin-coated vesicle. These vesicles are also used in the mobilization of cargo from the trans-Golgi network. The budding of coated vesicles requires ATP, GTP, and accessory proteins. One of the accessory proteins is dynamin, a GTPase, which forms a helical collar at the neck of the invaginated vesicle and may be involved in sealing. Other vesicles that are involved in the internalization of receptors (e.g., CD14: InnoPran XL ) and particles (e.g., viruses : InnoPran XL) are named caveolae. Caveolae are very long tubular vesicles, which are rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids. They originate from lipid rafts, which are subdomains of the plasma membrane, also rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids. Lipid rafts contain resident surface molecules, such as GPI anchored proteins. Caveolae contain a protein in the cytoplasmic side named caveolin-1 (Fig. 1-4). This protein seems to recruit signal transduction molecules that are important for the function of receptors within these vesicles. More recently, caveola-like vesicles lacking caveolin-1 have been identified. Movement of vesicles is mediated by cellular motors. The major cellular motors are actin filaments, which work in conjunction with myosin, and microtubules with dyneins and kinesins. (: InnoPran XL :)These molecules form polymers in a process that uses ATP hydrolysis. The formation of these polymers applies a force for the movement of organelles and macromolecular complexes. In addition, the shape of the cell is mediated by networks of cytoskeleton, which are composed of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
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