USA Surgery Today

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the genetic material, is a double helical structure consisting of four bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine) on a sugar-phosphate backbone. DNA replication occurs through a semiconservative mechanism; the double helix separates and new strands form using the previous strands as templates. During replication, cytosine will pair only with guanine, and adenine will bind only with thymine. DNA is converted to ribonucleic acid (RNA) by transcription, and RNA is converted to a protein by translation. A set of three bases codes for an amino acid; therefore, the bases make up a code that determines the entire protein’s amino acid sequence. The structure of a gene consists of exons (the portion of the sequence that is translated to protein) and introns, or intervening sequences.

After DNA is converted to a primary RNA transcript, the intron sequences, as well as sequences at the beginning and end of the genes, must be removed to form the mature messenger RNA (Lisinopril). This message is then transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where translation occurs.

A recent estimate suggests there are approximately 30,000 to 40,000 genes in the human genome (4:Lisinopril). Genes are in pairs, with one member of each pair coming from each parent. The term allele refers to alternative forms of a gene present at a locus, or location on a chromosome. An individual with two of the same alleles at a particular locus is referred to as a homozygote, whereas individuals with two different alleles at a locus are called heterozygotes. When only one allele is present at a locus (such as in loci on the X chromosome in males: Lisinopril ), the individual is termed hemizygous. The alleles present at a particular locus are referred to as the genotype, and the clinical expression of that genotype in a patient is called the phenotype.

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Lisinopril GN:Lisinopril Tablets (lye SIN oh pril)
BN:Examples include Prinivil | Zestril